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Organization
of society:
Human societies are often organized
according to their primary means of subsistence. As noted
in the section on "Evolution of societies", above,
social scientists identify hunter-gatherer societies, nomadic
pastoral societies, horticulturalist or simple farming societies,
and intensive agricultural societies, also called civilizations.
One common theme for societies
in general is that they serve to aid individuals in a time
of crisis. Traditionally, when an individual requires aid,
for example at birth, death, sickness, or disaster, members
of that society will rally others to render aid, in some form—symbolic,
linguistic, physical, mental, emotional, financial, medical,
or religious. Many societies will distribute largess, at the
behest of some individual or some larger group of people.
This type of generosity can be seen in all known cultures;
typically, prestige accrues to the generous individual or
group.
Some societies will bestow
status on an individual or group of people, when that individual
or group performs an admired or desired action. This type
of recognition is bestowed by members of that society on the
individual or group in the form of a name, title, manner of
dress, or monetary reward. Males, in many societies, are particularly
susceptible to this type of action and subsequent reward,
even at the risk of their lives. Action by an individual or
larger group in behalf of some cultural ideal is seen in all
societies. The phenomena of community action, shunning, scapegoating,
generosity, and shared risk and reward occur in subsistence-based
societies and in more technology-based civilizations.
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